Introduction
Male infertility is a complex medical condition that contributes significantly to global infertility rates. Defined as the inability to achieve pregnancy after twelve months of regular unprotected intercourse, infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, with male factors responsible for approximately 40–50% of cases.
Andrology plays a central role in identifying, diagnosing, and managing male infertility through evidence-based medical evaluation.
Etiology of Male Infertility
Male infertility may arise from disorders of sperm production, maturation, transport, or ejaculation. Common causes include oligozoospermia (low sperm count), asthenozoospermia (poor sperm motility), teratozoospermia (abnormal morphology), hormonal imbalances, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, infections, and obstruction of the reproductive tract.
Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, environmental toxin exposure, chronic stress, and poor nutrition further impair sperm quality.
Andrological Diagnostic Approach
A comprehensive andrological evaluation includes detailed medical history, erotic sense, physical examination, semen analysis, hormonal profiling, ultrasound imaging, and genetic testing when indicated. Early diagnosis allows targeted treatment and improves reproductive outcomes.
Conclusion
Male infertility is frequently treatable with appropriate andrological care. Early evaluation and individualized management significantly enhance the chances of conception and reduce psychological distress.